Beginning in the spring of 1947, and despite initial opposition de Leclerc a year earlier[8]the first troops from the north-and African women disembark in IndochinaTheir share will only increase (60,000soldiers from sub-Saharan Africaand 130,000North Africansfought in Indochina between 1947 and 1954). Inspite of this new addition, the strengthening oftheadversary and the "hardening"of thewar imposed a moremassive recoursetoindigenous soldiers, to the extent that one could speak of "over-yellowing" which, insomecountries, was the result of the"over-use" ofindigenous soldiers . units may call into question its operational character.

On the other hand, it is essential to decipher the terrain, the approximatelyneor the universe - in other wordsthe submerged part of the iceberg - in which this interaction takes place, so as to neutralizeto be our value judgment and to master the keys to understandinghension of some of our experiences and observations. Conidentifying training courses involving French people, those-these will be the better adjusted as they will take into account the tencultural barriers to the use of particular cultural dances intercultural relations.

This work, each context ofwould do it. Thus, the Germans, Americans or ChiThe cultural trends in the region must be questioned.American or Chinese companies that are a challenge to the world'sis, to project themselves internationally and to host international parties.foreigners on mission or expatriation at home. Who resists self-knowledge and self-transformation is not fit for cross-cultural relations.

The French Expeditionary Force Extreme-Orient (CEFEO), established in 1943 and originally intended to liberate Indochina of the japanese occupation troopssuffer from the very beginning of a childhood illness.miqueThe lack of sufficient medical staff.and in particular of the managers and specialists in the tropics.lists. This shortage is fully apparent at the end of the year 1945 and during the year 1946 when the first major operations against a new adversary, Vietnam.-Minh whose war aims are reunification...of the three territories (Cochinchine, Annam, Tonkin) constituting Vietnam, the accession to independence and the establishment of the of a communist regime.

Forging the sense of observation

The second presupposition of the question How to train to interculturality? refers to a clear understanding of what what does "interculturality». By intuition, everyone can grasp that this term is used to refer to what is implied, both in complementarity that in conflictual situations, the meeting between two crops.

«I've been resisting the transformation! And to think I wanted to transformto the others!»- Tchouang-Tzu

This progress report on the far-reaching reorganization of the Bundeswehr, published in this issue of the Cahiers with the kind permission of Dr. Heiko Biehl, is written from an original and, for us, unusual angle, that of sociology. What are the reactions of the German soldier? How are the ideas of the German citizen changing in the face of the arrival of a professionalized army? The author thus completes the vision of General (2S) de Langlois on the future of the Franco-German couple in terms of defence, presented in this same issue.

The editor does not have precise information about the author. A member of the Staff of Marshal FOCH, then President of the "Allied Military Committee of Versailles" responsible for ensuring the execution of the military clauses of the peace treaty, Commander Charles BUGNET was chosen as Ordinary Officer in 1921. This function put him in contact with the Marshal until 1929. The essential information is thus provided since this testimony is clearly presented as the "hot" apologetic work of a disciple marked by eight years of intimacy with his master.

Mr. Laurent Gruaz describes the transformation of these Franco-Belgian volunteers, who became pontifical zouaves, into volunteers from the West, fighting in 1870 under the arms of France. Faith in an ideal, esprit de corps, power of training of the leaders are the key words of this true and original saga.

The other issue is the question of staffing levels. The peculiarity of recent appointments is that they often start out undersized compared to what the situation would require. In Afghanistan, whatever the doctrines employed by the nations involved, the number of troops deployed is always too small to cover the population and the terrain.

In October 1964, while President Johnson's advisers were considering the modalities that led to the inexorable increase in the number of campaigns.In October 1964, as President Johnson's advisers pondered how the war effort in Vietnam could be inexorably expanded, Under Secretary of State George Ball wrote a memorandum that ended with these prophetic words: "Once on the tiger's back, we're not sure where we're going to get off."¹.

Recent operations by Western armed forces, by America and its allies, in Iraq and Afghanistan, seem to have been struck by the same curse: a rapid start, with a demonstration of military and technological power that leads to undeniable successes, before continuing with an increasingly long campaign, without any notable gains and with to The result is a growing human and material cost, which worries political decision-makers and gives media influencers the opportunity to question the relevance of the initial commitment.