With GALILEO, a civilian alternative to the American GPS and Russian GLONASS, Europe gains its independence in terms of positioning and radionavigation.

At the end of August 1914 during the "Battle of the Frontiers", the five French armies fought their first battles and all of them broke up over German forces better adapted to modern warfare. The losses were immense[1] and the tactical shortcomings that emerged were innumerable: disdain for intelligence and security measures, lack of liaison between units and weapons, absurd direct attacks, misuse of machine guns, poor infantry fire, etc... However, barely two weeks later, from 4 to 10 September, this bruised and so imperfect instrument succeeded in stopping and driving the German army back to the Marne before containing it again during the "race to the sea". To explain this recovery by the courage of the French soldier and the energy of his leaders would be incomplete, as these qualities already existed in August. Another factor played a part and Joffre describes it in his memoirs: "If success met my expectations on the Marne, it is for a very large part that our armies were no longer at the beginning of September those of the first days of the war".

1] 300,000 French dead and missing in 1914.

Wherever the British have gone, they have left a lasting imprint not only on their language as a global tool of communication, but also on international relations of all kinds throughout the Commonwealth, on a talent for trade and advantageous exchanges, and on a way of life that still permeates fifty-four independent states and the northern part of the American continent. This should not be overlooked by the observer of contemporary international life.

Following a law enforcement operation in the north of CAMEROON, this feedback underlines the importance of cross-border conflicts in Central African countries. The organisation of the groups, the increasingly modern means implemented and the determination they show show show the extent of insecurity and call for reflection on the action of the State in these landlocked regions.

The example of the 5th Engineer ^Regiment in Madagascar is easily transposable to current operations. In 1895, it made a major contribution to the conquest of the island, by providing concrete solutions to facilitate manoeuvring, and then contributed, through the development of the country, to the stabilization-normalization phase.

Upon leaving his position as communications advisor to the ECS, Rear-Admiral Christophe PRAZUCK took stock of the evolution and necessity of the communications function in operations, particularly in Afghanistan. This testimony shows how important it is to allow journalists to work within the constraints of operations.

The pacifist ideology and culture of compromise that underpin the spirit of United Nations peacekeeping operations (PKOs) make any long-term success against determined actors illusory. Demonstration by Lebanon.

February 2016. Hezbollah fighters are harassing the Merkavas who are advancing rapidly on the frozen ground of the Metulla plain in southern Lebanon. Simultaneously with an air raid on Iranian nuclear sites, Israel launched a pre-emptive offensive on Hezbollah launch sites identified north of the Litani River.

Not a single shot was fired by the 12,000 peacekeepers despite the robust rules of engagement that had been the subject of heated discussions in September 2006. Whose fault is that?

This imaginary scenario of UNIFIL's passivity is a feature of the current situation.

Through the example of the border dams deployed during the Algerian War and their effectiveness from a military point of view, the author draws lessons for ongoing or future conflicts of a similar nature. He concludes that no matter how effective military measures may be, they are not sufficient to defeat an insurgency. In order to achieve victory, Western military action must be accompanied by comprehensive action and act as a complement to national or international forces. local.

In Lebanon, resolution 1701, which was initially a cause for hope, has proved to be based on a misunderstanding that now risks fuelling deep divisions in the design and conduct of peacekeeping operations. France, a historic member of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), must today rethink the reasons for and modalities of its commitment in order to avoid a misguided position that is detrimental to its interests.

In the early 1990s, "post-people's" Poland began a resolutely Atlanticist foreign policy, to the extent that it was sometimes considered a "Trojan horse" [1] of the United States in Europe. The recent evolution of relations between the two countries, motivated by multiple factors, seems nevertheless to testify to the Polish will to "strategically rebalance" the relationship between the United States and the European Union.

1] The expression, used in several publications, was coined by Polish MP Mateusz Piskorski.